Course: Church History (1)
Course
Title: Church
History and the Standard of the New Testament
Lesson Seven: The Spread of Islam and the Crusades.
Introduction: The city of
The spread of Islam after the death of Muhammed led to
The Dome of the Rock (Mosque of Umar) was built in 691 under the rule of Abd al-Malik (685-705)
The city was held by the Crusaders until 1187 when Saladin regained the city for Islam.
The
founding of Islam
Timeline of the Life of Muhammed
Before Muhammed,
Preaching
of Muhammed - monotheistic
Kaaba and pilgrimage rites become Islamic.
Muhammed (570-632)
1)
Receives messages from Gabriel when meditating in a cave near
2)
Preaches messages in
3)
Flees to
4)
Marches on
5) Muhammed performs Hajj with tens of thousands of Muslims. (632)
6) Muhammed dies. Rule of the Caliphs begins. (632)
Main Points:
1. The spread of Islam from the death of Muhammed until the
The rule
of the Caliphs.
a)
Rashidun
Caliphate (632-661)
Timeline of the Rashidun Caliphate
1)
Abu Bakr. First Caliphate (632-644).
First Muslim Ruler
Considered first Rashidun Caliph by Sunni’s (regarded as a usurper by Shia’s).
Abu Bakr’s Caliphate lasted 2years and 3 months.
His daughter, Aisha, had been one of Muhammed’s
wives.
She was betrothed to Muhammed when she was 6 or 7 years old, but remained with
her parents until she was 9 years when the marriage was consummated.
632-33 Wars of Ridda (apostasy) – against rebellious tribes in
633 ‘Futuhat’ (Muslim conquests) begin. Muslim conquest of southern
2) Umar. Second Caliphate (634-644).
Caliph Umar – most powerful
of the four Rashidun Caliphs.
His daughter, Hafsa,
married Mohammed when she was 20 and he was 56.
Muslim armies under Umar
took control of
Umar overthrew
36,000 cities or castles.
Destroyed 4,000 churches
Built 1400 mosques
Umar murdered by Persian slave. 644
3)
Uthman. Third
Caliphate (644-656).
Conquests continue under the third Rashidun
Caliph Uthman.
c. 650
Caliph Uthman forms committee to compile the text of
the Koran.
656 Uthman murdered.
4)
Ali. Fourth Caliphate (656-661).
Ali becomes fourth Rashidun
Caliph (regarded as first Imam by Shia’s).
657
659 Arbitration at Adruh is opposed by Ali's supporters.
661 Murder of Ali.
b)
Umayyad Caliphate (661-750)
Timeline of the Umayyad Caliphate
1) Muawiya becomes Caliph. (661-680)
680 Death of Husayn
(son of Ali and Fatima – the daughter of Muhammed).
Killed at
the Battle of Karbala (
Beginning of Shia Ali or ‘party of Ali’.
2)
Reign of Abd al-Malik
(685-705)
691 Dome of the Rock
(Mosque of Umar) built in
Central
administration
Arabic
becomes official written language
Arab
coinage is established.
Ruling
classes in East and
3)
Conquest of
711 April
30, Arab armies enter
732 Muslim
empire reaches its furthest extent.
732
Islam remained in
History of the Caliphate after 750
Timeline of the Caliphate (750 - 1924)
Abassid Caliphate (750-1258)
Shadow Caliphate (1258-1517) under the patronage
of the Mamluk Sultanate
Ottoman Caliphate (1517- 1918)
End of the Caliphate 1924 – power of the Caliphate
transferred to Turkish Grand National Assembly.
Note: The
aim of present day Islamic Extremist groups is: ‘to establish a caliphate based on Sharia law’.
2. The Crusades.
Crusades to take the
Doctrine
of supererogation
The doctrine of supererogation is the teaching that Christ, the Apostles and the saints, having done more than that which God required of them, have acquired a treasury of merits for the Church.
The Pope as the successor of Peter has the authority to pass on these merits to penitent sinners.
The excess merits are distributed through indulgences.
The
doctrine of purgatory
The doctrine of purgatory is the teaching that penitent sinners who are not yet free from sin are not able to enter heaven immediately but must first be purified in purgatory.
The teaching puts sins into two categories – venial and mortal.
Venial sins are lesser sins – those who die who die free of mortal sins through the sacraments must be purged of venial sins in purgatory before they can enter heaven.
Mortal sins are graver - those who die with unconfessed mortal sin will suffer eternal torment in Hell.
The sacrament of baptism removes all sin ‘venial and mortal’. Mortal sins committed after baptism must be removed through the sacraments of confession and ‘last rites’.
Indulgences are given to reduce the time necessary for a penitent sinner to remain in purgatory.
Indulgences provided a means
for the Church to achieve its ends.
Two swords temporal and
spiritual.
The
spiritual authority of Peter’s successor enables the Pope to exercise civil
authority.
‘Relying, however, on
the mercy of God and the authority of the blessed Apostles Peter and Paul, we
relax unto faithful Christians, who shall take up arms against them and assume
the burden of this pilgrimage, the enormous (immensas)
penances for their crimes. Moreover, let
those who die there in true repentance, have no doubt that they will receive
both pardon for sin and the fruit of eternal reward.’
·
Pope Eugene III summons a second
crusade (1145)
‘According to the institution of our aforesaid
predecessor, by the authority of almighty God and by that of St. Peter the
chief of the Apostles, conceded to us by God, we grant such remission and
absolution of sins, that he who shall devoutly begin so sacred a journey and
shall accomplish it, or shall die during it, shall obtain the absolution for
all his sins which with a humble and contrite heart he shall confess, and shall
receive the fruit of eternal retribution from the Remunerator of all.’
Details of the Crusades
Peasants Crusade (1096) Peter the Hermit (1050-1115) m
ade
pilgrimage to
First
Crusade (1095-1099). Urban
II (1088-1099). Indulgences offered to those who went on crusade. Pilgrimages
were already associated with indulgences.
"All who die by the way, whether by land or by sea, or in battle against the pagans, shall have immediate remission of sins. This I grant them through the power of God with which I am invested."
Result - Crusaders gained control of Jerusalem in 1099.
Second
Crusade (1145-1148) Bernard of Clairvaux
(c.1090-1153). 50,000 volunteered
to go on crusade through his preaching.
Second crusade ended in total failure despite being led by the
greatest preacher of the day, King Louis VII of France and Emperor Conrad III
of Germany.
Bernard of Clairvaux was
instrumental in the formation of the Knights Templar and wrote the first
'rules' of the order.
Saladin (c.1138-1193)
Kurd from
He defeated other competing Muslim leaders in
He declared a jihad against the Christians.
Third
Crusade (1187-1191)
The Crusade of the Kings. Barbarossa, Holy
Roman Emperor who drowned on way to Holy Land,
Philip II of France, Richard I ‘the Lionheart’
(1157-1199).
Crusaders took
Richard made agreement with Saladin allowing Christians access to
Film ’
Fourth
Crusade (1198 -1204)
Fourth crusade never reached Jerusalem.
Needed finance.
Diverted to
Took Constantinople in 1204
Destroyed the library of Constantinople and looted
the city.
Final rift in the Great Schism with the Greek
Orthodox Church.
In 2001 Pope John Paul II made an apology to the
Greek Orthodox Church for the actions of the Crusaders in 1204.
Childrens Crusade (1212)
Leaders:
Stephen – A peasant boy from a village near Vendome in
Nicholas – A boy from
Thousands
of boys from 6 years old upwards left their work in the fields and ran after
the cross to go on crusade to the
They
were asked why they thought they could achieve what Kings with armies had
failed to do. They replied they were being led by the Divine will and whatever
God wanted them to do they were willing to obey.
The results were disastrous. Most of them were never heard of again and were probably sold into slavery.
Fifth Crusade (1218-1222)
Crusade against
This
crusade is not mentioned in some accounts of the crusades because it was
against Egypt.
In 1219
Francis went on crusade to Egypt seeking to convert the Sultan Al-Kamil to Christianity while the crusaders fought to take
control of Damietta.
Francis was not successful. When
Francis returned he sought to live a life of imitation to Christ. It was claimed that stigmata appeared showing
his identification with Christ and his suffering.
Sixth Crusade (1228 – 1229)
Led by
the Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II
1225 Married Yolande
of
Laid
claim to Jerusalem through marriage.
Excommunicated by the Pope in 1227.
Made a
treaty with the Muslims and was able to enter Jerusalem on 17 March 1229.
Papal excommunication lifted 1229
Seventh Crusade (1248 – 1250)
Failed
crusade led by Louis IX of France.
Louis
captured during battle for Cairo.
Louis
released on payment of ransom of 50,000 gold bezants
Eighth Crusade (1267-1272)
Louis IX
led crusade. Landing
at
Louis
died in Tunis of sickness
Ninth Crusade (1271-72)
Prince Edward of England (Edward I) sailed to Acre after the death of Louis in Tunis.
3. The Inquisition
Crusade against heresy.
Medieval Inquisition also known as the Episcopal
Inquisition (1184-1230).
Papal Bull issued 1184 ‘Ad abolendam’
For the purpose of doing away with heresy.
Initially opposed the Catharists
in
Not very successful
Council
of
Decreed the forceful suppression of heresy.
Forbade the possession of vernacular Bibles.
Papal Inquisition (1230’s) - Decree to
be upheld by the Dominican Order (Pope Gregory IX).
Inquisition persecuted the Waldensians.
Waldensians
. Peter Waldo
of Lyons c.1182-1217
Prosperous merchant
Gave away his wealth to preach to the common people.
Followers first called the 'Poor men of Lyons' later
called Waldensians.
Sought to preach in the common language to
ordinary people.
Forbidden to do so by the Third Lateran
Council in Rome.
Translated portions of the scripture and preached to
the poor around the region of the Alps.
Excommunicated 1184 by Lucius III
Four Inquisitions of the Roman Catholic
Church
Medieval
Inquisition (1184-1230’s)
Spanish
Inquisition (1478-1834)
Portuguese
Inquisition (1536-1821)
Roman
Inquisition (1542-1860)
Summary:
1.
The phenomenal spread of Islam during the 7th and 8th
centuries brought
2.
Pilgrimages to the
3.
The idea of Crusade spread to include heresy. A crusade against error – Inquisition.