History
Course:
Lesson Three
Title: Procurators (6
AD 66 AD)
Introduction: Background
Herods
Kingdom divided between his 3 sons (4 BC)
1)
Archelaus
ethnarch of Judea
2)
Antipas
and
3)
Philip
ruled as tetrarchs (a fourth part of the kingdom)
Herod
Antipas tetrarch of Galilee
Herod
Philip tetrarch of the north- eastern province. He reigned 37 years died 20th year of
Tiberius (AD 34)
Judea
becomes a Roman Province (AD 6)
After
complaints from Jews and Samaritans, Archelaus was
banished by Rome to Vienna in AD 6 and Judea became a Roman province.
Then
Judea was governed by a procurator, Coponius, but came
under the supervision of the legate of Syria, Quirinius.
Census
made in AD 6 providing details of population and resources for the purpose of
taxing the Jews.
Formation
of Zealots
Taxation
by Rome led to formation of Zealots led by Judas of Galilee.
Judas
was killed. He is mentioned in Acts 5:37.
Kings
of Israel During the time of the New Teatament
Herod
the Great (37 BC 4 BC)
Archeleaus
(4 BC 6 AD) Ethnarch of Judea
Antipas
(4 BC 39 AD) - Tetrarch
Philip
(4 BC 34 AD) - Tetrarch
Herod Agrippa I
(37 44)
Friend of Claudius. King of all
Israel
Died in Caesarea
(Acts 12:23)
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Agrippa
II
Bernice his sister (Acts 25:23)
Drusilla
m Felix
Roman
Procurators (6 AD 66 AD)
List
Coponius
(6 9)
Marcus
Ambivulus (9 12)
Annius
Rufus (12 15)
Valerius
Gratus (15 26)
Pontius
Pilate (16 36)
Marcellus
(36 37)
Marullus
(37 41)
Cuspius
Fadus (44 46)
Tiberius
Julius Alexander (46 48) (nephew of Philo of Alexandria)
Ventidius Cumanus (48 52)
Antonius
Felix (52 58)
Felix
governed Judea harshly.
He
was licentious.
Felix
and Drusilla (Acts 24:24)
Drusilla
Daughter
of Herod Agrippa (Acts 12:1)
Sister
of Agrippa II (Acts 25:23)
Married
to Azizus king of the Emesenes, but she was enticed away from her husband by
Felix.
Felix
used the Sicarii to murder the High Priest,
Jonathan.
The
Zealots
Guerilla
tactics
The
Sicarii
Name
came from the guerilla tactic of using a small curved knife, called a sica under their clothes.
They
would stab their victim in the midst of a large crowd.
The
hidden dagger and the large crowd made it impossible to know who had committed
the murder.
When
the assassin had killed his victim he then mingled among the crowd shouting
condemnations against the attacker.
He
then escaped undetected.
The
Sicarii were able to commit murder in broad
daylight.
They
were also known to murder their victim in the Temple.
Porcius
Festus (58 62)
Inherited
problems from the harsh way Felix governed.
Problem issues
- Concerned
the civic privileges of the Jews.
- The
dispute between Agrippa II and the Jews concerning the building of a Temple
wall in Jerusalem.
The
Martyrdom of James the Lords brother.
When
Festus died in AD 62 the High Priest Ananus convened
the Sanhedrin and ordered the death of James, the Lords brother. He was stoned to death.
Flavius
Josephus (c.37-100)
Wrote
the account of how James was stoned to death in Jerusalem (AD
c.62)
Ananus
assembled the sanhedrim of judges, and brought before
them the brother of Jesus, who was called Christ, whose name was James, and some
others, [or, some of his companions]
Book
20 Chapter 9:1.
Albinus
(62 64)
Albinus
was in Alexandria when Nero ordered him to be prcurator. He
sent an order condemning Ananus for calling the
Sanhedrin without his permission.
Agrippa II removed Ananus from the office of
High Priest before Albinus arrived in Jerusalem.
Albinus
sought to remove the Sicarii.
He
was replaced by Gessius Florus (64 66)
Gessius
Florus (64 66)
The
harsh actions of Florus towards the Jews were the
trigger that began the revolt of the Jews.
Jews
in Caesarea wanted to buy land adjoining their synagogue. The owner would not sell. The Gentile owner began to buld on the land.
The Jews paid Florus 8 talents to ensure the
building work stopped. He took the
money but allowed the building to continue. The Gentiles mocked the Jews by
sacrificing a bird next to the synagogue.
Jews rioted.
Florus
then sent men to take 17 talents from the temple treasury. The Jews protested on the streets
calling on Caesar to free them from the tyranny of Florus. Others mocked Florus by
begging on the streets of Jerusalem for the needy procurator. Florus reacted by marching his army into Jerusalem to kill
and pillage. Josephus claims 3600 were put to death.
At
this time Agrippa II returned to Jerusalem from Alexandria. Josephus has written a speech that he
claimed was given by Agrippa to the Jews at this time.
Josephus
The
speech of Agrippa II (War of the Jews Book 2, Chapter 16, para. 4)
It
is unlikely that Agrippa made this speech.
It
is more likely that it is the composition of Josephus and not a historical
record Josephus.
Content
of Agrippa IIs speech
He
rejects the expectation of divine deliverance.
Jews
kept the Sabbath when Pompey lay siege. Keeping the Sabbath helped the Romans to
be victorious.
Futile
to rebel because the first duty of the priesthood was to uphold the
Law.
Obeying
the law made it impossible to defeat the Romans
Breaking
the law was to deny the faith they were fighting to
uphold.