Course: Church History (1)
Course Title: Church History and the Standard of the New Testament
Lesson Eight
Lesson Title: Schism and Division
Introduction:
1. Great Schism (1054)
Schism between Eastern Orthodox and Western Catholicism
2. Western Schism or Papal Schism (1378 1417)
Schism within Western Catholicism
3. Division in the Church
Realism (Via Antiqua) and Nominalism (Devotio Moderna)
Main Points
1. Great Schism (1054) East and West
Schism between Eastern Orthodox and Western Catholicism
Separation of the Greek and
Western Catholicism
claimed to be the 'One Holy Catholic and
Eastern Orthodox claimed to
be the One Holy Orthodox and
Ongoing dispute that led to the Great Schism in 1054
Dispute over:
1. Papal authority
2. Liturgical practices - Greek Church condemned the use of unleavened bread
3. Greek Church disputed the Filioque
clause that was added to the Nicene Creed in 589 by a local council in
'We believe in the Holy Spirit, the Lord, the giver of life, who proceeds from the Father and the Son.'
Other differences between the Eastern Orthodox and the Roman Catholic Church
Orthodox
Clergy allowed to marry
Holy Communion in both kinds
Icons
Roman Catholic
Clergy not allowed to marry
Holy Communion only bread given to laity
Statues and images
Second
Eastern Orthodox and
Fourth Crusade (1198 -1204)
Regarded as the final rift in the Great Schism with the Greek Orthodox Church.
Fourth crusade never
reached
Needed finance.
Diverted
to
(Greek Orthodox city).
Took
Destroyed the library
of
In 2001 Pope John Paul II made an apology to the Greek Orthodox Church for the actions of the Crusaders in 1204.
2. Western Schism or Papal Schism (1378 1417)
Schism within Western Catholicism
Pope at
Clement V (1305-1314)
John XXII (1316-1334)
Benedict XII (1334-1342)
Clement VI (1342-1352)
Innocent VI (1352-1362)
Urban V (1362-1370)
Gregory XI (1370-1378)
1378 Gregory XI moved the papacy back to
Great Schism of the papacy (1378 1417)
Gregory IX (died 1378)
Urban VI (1378-1389) elected
Pope in
Urban VI handled dissent with harshness
Rival Pope elected by French Cardinals:
Clement VII (1378-1394) with papal court in
Two Popes (
Clement VII supported by
Urban VI (Pope 1378 to 1389) supported by the rest
of
The seamless robe of Christ.
Urgent call to reunify the Church.
Schism denied the character of Christ. Christ was not divided.
Alexander V (1409-10)
Alexander V succeeded by John XXIII (1410-1415)
Baldassare Coscia (c.1370-1419)
Resigned
at Council of
Regarded as an antipope.
Schism ended at
Council of
Elected Pope at
Council of
Martin V (1417 - 1431)
His papacy ended the Western Schism.
3. Division within the Church - Realism (Via Antiqua) and Nominalism (Via Moderna)
1) Realism (Via Antiqua) The way of antiquity
- Four Books of Sentences (1148-51)
Peter
Lombard (b. c. 1100,
The Sentences are a systematic treatise on the collection of teachings from the Church Fathers and opinions of medieval masters.
The official textbook in the universities until the 16th century.
Thomas Aquinas wrote a commentary on the Sentences.
- Thomas Aquinas (c. 1225 1274)
Aquinas Italian by birth.
Born
Educated
at
1244 became Dominican monk
.
Went
to
Leading scholastic
Revelation (Faith) and Reason (Philosophy)
Universe reveals the creator.
Aquinas lectured in
Produced Summa Theologica and Summa Contra Gentiles (a summary against pagans)
SUMMA CONTRA GENTILES (1261-1274)
Written for missions work
Step by step through the sacraments
Reason and Logic
SUMMA THEOLOGIAE (1265-1273)
Aquinas used the logic of Aristotle to show that reason leads to faith.
The existence of God can be proved through reason, while the incarnation and atonement of Christ are known by faith in biblical revelation.
Aquinas and Aristotle
Aquinas joined faith with reason by associating Aristotlian philosophy with faith.
Aristotle (REASON) and Christian truth (FAITH)
Church disapproved of Aristotle
Gregory IX removed prohibition of Aristotle
Urban V restored prohibition of Aristotle
Philosophy words must have real meaning
Division arose concerning words.
Realism and Nominalism.
Transubstantiation
Lateran Council 1218 - living and abiding presence in the Holy Communion.
Christ literally present in the Mass
Aquinas used Aristotles formula on substances and the miracle of faith to explain how Transubstantiation took place.
The theory of Transubstantiation.
Hocus Corpus (This is My body`)
CHANGE OF SUBSTANCE BUT ACCIDENTS REMAIN THE SAME.
The Miracle of the Mass the leap of faith
Inner substance of Christ
2) Nominalism (Via Moderna)
German Mystics placed emphasis on experiential knowledge.
Eckhardt; Taulor; and Suso Dominicans
ECKHARDT (1260-1327)
Preacher, Counselor, Academic.
Meister (Master of Arts) Eckhardt (1260-1327)
TAULER (1300-61)
Acted as counsellor at convent of Dominican nuns.
Tauler - Mystic, student of Eckhardt.
Tauler from the
HENRY SUSO (1295-1366)
Suso from the
THEOLOGICA GERMANICA anonymous. Expresses the sentiments of Eckhardt. Possibly written by John Tauler (1300-61)
Greatly influenced Martin Luther who published the Theologica Germanica in 1516 and 1518.
Luther wrote in the preface (1518)
Let as many as
will, read this little book, and then say whether Theology is a new or an old
thing among us; for this book is not new. But if they say as before, that we
are but German theologians, we will not deny it. I thank God,
that I have heard and found my God in the German tongue, as neither I
nor they have yet found Him in the Latin, Greek, or Hebrew tongue. God grant
that this book may be spread abroad, then we shall
find that the German theologians are without doubt the best theologians.
(Signed,
without date,)
"Dr. MARTIN LUTHER,
AUGUSTINIAN of Wittemberg.
Devotio Moderna
Gerhard Grotte (1340-84)
Nominalism words have no real meaning.
Grotte founded the Brethren of the Common Life
Emphasis on knowing Christ personally
Having a good conscience regarded to be of greater value than philosophy.
Right living
Sorrow for sin
Spiritual exercises learning to imitate Christ
Thomas a Kempis (c.1379/1471)
German
14 years old began studying at the school of the Brethren of Common Life
1413 ordained
The Imitation of Christ
Four sections
1. Some thoughts to help with the spiritual life.
2. Some advice on the inner life.
3. Spiritual comfort
4. A reverent recommendation to Holy Communion.
Nicholas of Cusa (1401-1464)
German prelate - Son of Rhineland boatsmen
Educated by Brethren of Common Life
Devotio Moderna
Church politician administrator to visit churches.
German cardinal
Ordained 1430
1433 attended Council of Basle (1431-1449)
1437 supported Pope Eugene IV
Learned Ignorance
Necessity of Faith
What we know best - we know nothing
Cusa places emphasis upon faith.
Mystical philosophy and emotion
Contemplation plus Activity
Deals with question whether active life is opposed to contemplative life; or should both be practiced together?
Life is not like hermit
Mary and Martha - Combined active and contemplative lives.
Keep family, be active in the world but find time for contemplative life.
Conciliarist (held to final authority of a general church council not the pope)
Held Donation of Constantine to be a fraud.
Also denied authority of the Isidorian credentials (59 letters ascribed to Isidore of Seville from the 6th century exalting papal authority).
Church politician administrator to visit churches.
Course: Church History (1)
Course Title: Church History and the Standard of the New Testament
Lesson Eight
Lesson Title: Schism and Division
Introduction:
1. Great Schism (1054)
Schism between Eastern Orthodox and Western Catholicism
2. Western Schism or Papal Schism (1378 1417)
Schism within Western Catholicism
3. Division in the Church
Realism (Via Antiqua) and Nominalism (Devotio Moderna)
Main Points
1. Great Schism (1054) East and West
Schism between Eastern Orthodox and Western Catholicism
Separation of the Greek and
Western Catholicism
claimed to be the 'One Holy Catholic and
Eastern Orthodox claimed to
be the One Holy Orthodox and
Ongoing dispute that led to the Great Schism in 1054
Dispute over:
1. Papal authority
2. Liturgical practices - Greek Church condemned the use of unleavened bread
3. Greek Church disputed the Filioque
clause that was added to the Nicene Creed in 589 by a local council in
'We believe in the Holy Spirit, the Lord, the giver of life, who proceeds from the Father and the Son.'
Other differences between the Eastern Orthodox and the Roman Catholic Church
Orthodox
Clergy allowed to marry
Holy Communion in both kinds
Icons
Roman Catholic
Clergy not allowed to marry
Holy Communion only bread given to laity
Statues and images
Second
Eastern Orthodox and
Fourth Crusade (1198 -1204)
Regarded as the final rift in the Great Schism with the Greek Orthodox Church.
Fourth crusade never
reached
Needed finance.
Diverted
to
(Greek Orthodox city).
Took
Destroyed the library
of
In 2001 Pope John Paul II made an apology to the Greek Orthodox Church for the actions of the Crusaders in 1204.
2. Western Schism or Papal Schism (1378 1417)
Schism within Western Catholicism
Pope at
Clement V (1305-1314)
John XXII (1316-1334)
Benedict XII (1334-1342)
Clement VI (1342-1352)
Innocent VI (1352-1362)
Urban V (1362-1370)
Gregory XI (1370-1378)
1378 Gregory XI moved the papacy back to
Great Schism of the papacy (1378 1417)
Gregory IX (died 1378)
Urban VI (1378-1389) elected
Pope in
Urban VI handled dissent with harshness
Rival Pope elected by French Cardinals:
Clement VII (1378-1394) with papal court in
Two Popes (
Clement VII supported by
Urban VI (Pope 1378 to 1389) supported by the rest
of
The seamless robe of Christ.
Urgent call to reunify the Church.
Schism denied the character of Christ. Christ was not divided.
Alexander V (1409-10)
Alexander V succeeded by John XXIII (1410-1415)
Baldassare Coscia (c.1370-1419)
Resigned
at Council of
Regarded as an antipope.
Schism ended at
Council of
Elected Pope at
Council of
Martin V (1417 - 1431)
His papacy ended the Western Schism.
3. Division within the Church - Realism (Via Antiqua) and Nominalism (Via Moderna)
1) Realism (Via Antiqua) The way of antiquity
- Four Books of Sentences (1148-51)
Peter
Lombard (b. c. 1100,
The Sentences are a systematic treatise on the collection of teachings from the Church Fathers and opinions of medieval masters.
The official textbook in the universities until the 16th century.
Thomas Aquinas wrote a commentary on the Sentences.
- Thomas Aquinas (c. 1225 1274)
Aquinas Italian by birth.
Born
Educated
at
1244 became Dominican monk
.
Went
to
Leading scholastic
Revelation (Faith) and Reason (Philosophy)
Universe reveals the creator.
Aquinas lectured in
Produced Summa Theologica and Summa Contra Gentiles (a summary against pagans)
SUMMA CONTRA GENTILES (1261-1274)
Written for missions work
Step by step through the sacraments
Reason and Logic
SUMMA THEOLOGIAE (1265-1273)
Aquinas used the logic of Aristotle to show that reason leads to faith.
The existence of God can be proved through reason, while the incarnation and atonement of Christ are known by faith in biblical revelation.
Aquinas and Aristotle
Aquinas joined faith with reason by associating Aristotlian philosophy with faith.
Aristotle (REASON) and Christian truth (FAITH)
Church disapproved of Aristotle
Gregory IX removed prohibition of Aristotle
Urban V restored prohibition of Aristotle
Philosophy words must have real meaning
Division arose concerning words.
Realism and Nominalism.
Transubstantiation
Lateran Council 1218 - living and abiding presence in the Holy Communion.
Christ literally present in the Mass
Aquinas used Aristotles formula on substances and the miracle of faith to explain how Transubstantiation took place.
The theory of Transubstantiation.
Hocus Corpus (This is My body`)
CHANGE OF SUBSTANCE BUT ACCIDENTS REMAIN THE SAME.
The Miracle of the Mass the leap of faith
Inner substance of Christ
2) Nominalism (Via Moderna)
German Mystics placed emphasis on experiential knowledge.
Eckhardt; Taulor; and Suso Dominicans
ECKHARDT (1260-1327)
Preacher, Counselor, Academic.
Meister (Master of Arts) Eckhardt (1260-1327)
TAULER (1300-61)
Acted as counsellor at convent of Dominican nuns.
Tauler - Mystic, student of Eckhardt.
Tauler from the
HENRY SUSO (1295-1366)
Suso from the
THEOLOGICA GERMANICA anonymous. Expresses the sentiments of Eckhardt. Possibly written by John Tauler (1300-61)
Greatly influenced Martin Luther who published the Theologica Germanica in 1516 and 1518.
Luther wrote in the preface (1518)
Let as many as
will, read this little book, and then say whether Theology is a new or an old
thing among us; for this book is not new. But if they say as before, that we
are but German theologians, we will not deny it. I thank God,
that I have heard and found my God in the German tongue, as neither I
nor they have yet found Him in the Latin, Greek, or Hebrew tongue. God grant
that this book may be spread abroad, then we shall
find that the German theologians are without doubt the best theologians.
(Signed,
without date,)
"Dr. MARTIN LUTHER,
AUGUSTINIAN of Wittemberg.
Devotio Moderna
Gerhard Grotte (1340-84)
Nominalism words have no real meaning.
Grotte founded the Brethren of the Common Life
Emphasis on knowing Christ personally
Having a good conscience regarded to be of greater value than philosophy.
Right living
Sorrow for sin
Spiritual exercises learning to imitate Christ
Thomas a Kempis (c.1379/1471)
German
14 years old began studying at the school of the Brethren of Common Life
1413 ordained
The Imitation of Christ
Four sections
1. Some thoughts to help with the spiritual life.
2. Some advice on the inner life.
3. Spiritual comfort
4. A reverent recommendation to Holy Communion.
Nicholas of Cusa (1401-1464)
German prelate - Son of Rhineland boatsmen
Educated by Brethren of Common Life
Devotio Moderna
Church politician administrator to visit churches.
German cardinal
Ordained 1430
1433 attended Council of Basle (1431-1449)
1437 supported Pope Eugene IV
Learned Ignorance
Necessity of Faith
What we know best - we know nothing
Cusa places emphasis upon faith.
Mystical philosophy and emotion
Contemplation plus Activity
Deals with question whether active life is opposed to contemplative life; or should both be practiced together?
Life is not like hermit
Mary and Martha - Combined active and contemplative lives.
Keep family, be active in the world but find time for contemplative life.
Conciliarist (held to final authority of a general church council not the pope)
Held Donation of Constantine to be a fraud.
Also denied authority of the Isidorian credentials (59 letters ascribed to Isidore of Seville from the 6th century exalting papal authority).
Church politician administrator to visit churches.